Is The Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms Perfect

Is the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Perfect? Introduction The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is without a doubt one of Canada’s most important section entrenched in the Canadian Constitution. The Charter of Rights and Freedoms is a bill of rights enacted into the Canadian Constitution as part of the Canada Act in 1982. However, the Charter was Canada’s second attempt to protect the rights and freedoms of its citizens all throughout the country and on every level of government. The Canadian Bill of Rights, which preceded the Charter was enacted in 1960. However, being only a federal statute rather than a full constitutional document, it had no power and application to provincial laws. In addition, the Supreme Court of Canada only narrowly interpreted the Bill of Rights, therefore rarely unlawful laws were declared inoperative and continued to exist. As a result, the ineffectiveness of the Bill of Rights led to many movements to improve the protection of rights and freedoms in Canada. However, similar to its predecesso r, the Charter is not without faults, and loopholes. In some cases, it has even infringed upon certain liberties and democratic rights and freedoms. In other cases, the Charter has incited conflicts between liberty and democracy and raised questions that speculate whether it is truly democratic. Liberty vs. Democracy in the Charter One of the most notable effects of adopting the Charter is that it greatly expanded the scope of judicialShow MoreRelatedThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1613 Words   |  7 Pages The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms simply referred to as the â€Å"Charter†, is a significant document in regards to the Canadian constitution. Its primary aim is to uphold individual rights and freedoms and promote equality in administering justice. However, its passage in 1982 has led to increased controversies given that the Charter gives courts more power in interpreting its provisions while sidelining the legislature (Boyd 118). This means that the advent of this Charter was the end ofRead MoreThe Inclusion of the Notwithstanding Clause in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms1299 Words   |  6 PagesThe Inclusion of the Notwithstanding Clause in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms The inclusion of the Notwithstanding Clause in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was an invaluable contribution in the evolution of the liberal democratic state. Not an endpoint, to be sure, but a significant progression in the rights protection dynamic. 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In order to follow this charter, one must practice the â€Å"BC Human Rights Code†. The use of this code is for protecting British Columbia’sRead MoreThe Issue Of Sex Work1715 Words   |  7 Pagesextremely opinionated when it comes to this topic. Nevertheless, when disregarding different beliefs and moral arguments, every human being has the right to voice out their opinions and have their human rights respected in Canada. Therefore, Bedford’s case focuses on the Courts and whether Canadian laws follow the Constitution and protect human rights of those engaging in sex work. There are four main components in the Criminal Code that is related to prostitution. These include Section 21 0, whichRead MoreWhat Is Canadas Ranking2000 Words   |  8 Pageshas ranked Canada in second place in its 2017 Best Countries Report. 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From 1960 to 1982, the Canadian Bill of Rights contained

Cooper Industries Corporate Strategy free essay sample

Cooper industries’ is a broad company that strongly uses MA strategy of diversification. But diversification for Cooper doesn’t mean just ‘adding, adding and more adding’. Division managers seek for ‘complementary acquisition’ defined as logical extensions of Cooper’s existing products or markets; furthermore they keep examining what they have, not being afraid to get rid of companies that have served their useful time; this process was defined as ‘cooperization’. Then, after each acquisition the interneal structure was modified, if necessary. But why diversify? Everything started from the cyclical downturn suffered from Cooper in 1958, this experience had a deep impact on the company, that at the time was still a small engines maker. They felt there was the need to diversify and not to limit their-self; several guidelines drive Coper’s acquisitions: they pursue only companies that exhibit stable earnings or with earnings countercycljcal to the oil and gas transmission industry; have proven manufacturing operations; use well- known technologies, serve a broad customer base and are market leaders. We will write a custom essay sample on Cooper Industries Corporate Strategy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In addition they decided to concentrate on the hand tools market, that with its few fluctuation will help leveling Cooper’s cyclical revenues even more. Part of the company’s strategy is the fact that Cooper targeted 40% as a desirable debt- total capital ratio ,and preferred to finance expansion with cash or convertible preferred stock ‘cash flow is king’ was the motto. Strong cash flow will help Cooper to aggressively pursue its acquisition program. Cooper industries’ in my opinion is a very good company, creating value with a strong corporate policy and organization, difficult to find in other entities. Cooper exercise central control over corporate policy but delegate day to day operating decisions to the operating units; and gives each division manager the responsibility of its division, not allowing them to interfere between each other. Business units performances are measured following defined metrics, the staff is valuable and well prepared, and everyone is rewarded using an appropriate compensation system. With its Management Developing Planning system the company is able to align all the business units in three business segments, even though this system is ‘extremely time consuming’ and ‘so much work’ i think is the best way to ‘keep together’ the different segments (electrical and electronics, commercial and industrial, compression, drilling and energy equipments). About the acquisitions of Champion and Cameron, both companies would give Cooper good opportunities, and following the guidelines for acquisitions seems that both companies fit in the group. If i can base my considerations on the successful history of Cooper’s acquisitions, i would suggest him to acquire both, without worrying that their debt to total capitalization ratio would be around 60%. Champion has a strong brand name, is compatible with the electrical and electronic product line, and acquiring Champion, Cooper will have the possibility to expand overseas, the main problems are that Champion have poor management, old technologies and more relevant has little growth over the past years. But in my opinion they can be seen as opportunities to exploit, the company in the hands of Cooper can grow. Cameron would expand the Cooper’s Compression and Energy Business Center, the company is not much mentioned in the case and financial data are not available. They are a iron works, that is a raw material that can be very useful across Cooper industries’. Seems that the more ‘problematic’ acquisition would be Champions, it needs several readjustments to fit in the organization for example they should improve the management, study the products and see what’s selling and what not and improve the 1950s technology. Would be a hard work but i think there is a lot to gain. As i said before my suggestion is to acquire both Champion and Cameron. Being the two companies in two different segments, the ‘Cooperization’ will be handle by two different EVPs, so will be easier to manage the process, furthermore they can use the profits from Cameron to offset the price of the Champions acquisition. If that’s not possible i would prefer ‘Cooperize’ Cameron, that with little adjustments will become valuable and useful to the whole group; and maybe then they could seek for another less problematic company than Champion which operate in automotive industy. If we wanna see some limits in the Cooper industries these could be: first of all the the over dependance from the US market, secondly the extreme Cooper’s ‘cash consciousness’ which can be seen is some sense, as an obstacle when this policy could preclude some valuable acquisitions, and finally having them a large number of rules to follow for new acquisitions, they could loose some opportunities.

The scope of the doctrine and remedies for frustration of contract in English law Essay Example

The scope of the doctrine and remedies for frustration of contract in English law Paper The courts have interpreted the scope of the doctrine of frustration narrowly, in accordance with the principle pacta sunt servanda agreements must be kept. If the courts readily held that a contract was frustrated, it would cast significant doubt on an array of agreements that make commerical enterprise possible. As Lord Radcliffe advised in Davis Contractors Ltd v Fareham UDC, [f]rustration is not to be lightly invoked as the dissolvent of a contract.i This discussion will first examine the underlying reasons for the narrowness of the doctrine before considering the specific limitations. Here it will be argued that in some instances the courts decisions have been inconsistent and in others they have been unduly harsh. The following part of the discussion will examine the remedies available to parties of a frustrated contract, as found under the Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943. The deficiencies in the statute will be explored, amongst them ambiguity, which has led to the rare use of the Act. Instead, parties have opted to draft out the Act and include provisional clauses of their own. These force majeure and hardship clauses provide for a solution if a supervening event occurs which makes it impossible or more onerous for one party to perform. With the unsatisfactory state of the law governing frustration, it will be posited that these clauses are vital to retain an element of certainty in commercial contracting. We will write a custom essay sample on The scope of the doctrine and remedies for frustration of contract in English law specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The scope of the doctrine and remedies for frustration of contract in English law specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The scope of the doctrine and remedies for frustration of contract in English law specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The scope of the doctrine of frustration Contract law is founded on the principle that liablity for non-performance is strict. While this seems particularly severe, it is substantiated with the belief that parties receive valuable consideration for taking risks. The allocation of risks provides a major function of the law of contract: it enables individuals and corporations to plan for the future with a moderate degree of certainty and hence to maximise their freedom of action.ii A contract can only be frustrated when performance becomes impossible, or a supervening event takes place that would make performance radically different to that which was contracted to by the parties. If frustration is sufficiently pled, its result is to bring the contract to an end. Given this drastic outcome, the courts have interpreted the scope of the doctrine narrowly in order to preserve the sanctity of contract.iii Paradine v Jane is most frequently cited to demonstrate this: When a party by his own contract creates a duty or charge upon himself, he is bound to make it good, if he may, notwithstanding any accident by inevitable necessity, because he might have provided against it by his contract.iv Furthermore, if a party feels that they would be unable to perform if a supervening event occurs, they should provide for it in the contract. Many supervening events that can impede performance are foreseeable and parties should construct their contracts accordingly. There are several circumstances that may qualify for discharging the contract on grounds of frustration. These include the subject matter of the contract being destroyed; illness or incapacity of a contracting party; the non-occurrence of an event that formed the foundation of the contract; supervening illegality.v It is certainly not a rule that these circumstances will frustrate a contract. As Lord Sumner stated in Bank Line Ltd v Arthur Capel and Co, ultimately the frustration of an adventure depends on the facts of each case.vi There are three main limitations to the doctrine. Firstly, if there are provisions in the contract that provide for a solution if an event occurs, then an argument based on frustration is unlikely to be entertained as the parties have already provided for the occurrence.vii Secondly, if the event is foreseeable, the parties are unable to avail of the doctrine of frustration. In Amalgamated Investment and Property Co Ltd v John Walker Sons Ltdviii the claimants sought to set aside a contract for sale of a property, when they found that a day after they had signed the contract, the property became listed and could not be redeveloped. This reduced the value of the property by approximately 90%. The court held that the contract was not frustrated because the claimants were aware of the risk, as evidenced by a pre-contract enquiry as to whether the building could be listed. The supervening event did not fulfill the test set by Lord Radcliffe in Davis Contractors Ltd v Fareham UDCix it did not render [the performance] a thing radically different from that which was undertaken by the contract.x In Krell v Henryxi Vaughan Williams LJ expressed the foreseeability test in terms of whether the event was anticipated or not. Despite the logic of this proposition, it has not been without challenge. In The Eugenia, Lord Denning stated that: It has frequently been said that the doctrine of frustration only applies when the new situation is unforeseen or unexpected or uncontemplated, as if that were an essential feature. But it is not so.xii In stating this, Lord Denning relied upon the judgement in WJ Tatem Ltd v Gamboaxiii where a charterparty was held to be frustrated, even though it was foreseeable that the ship would be seized. It is difficult to reconcile these judgements with previous ones that have been decided, and it is indeterminable as to how future courts will rule on this test. A third limitation on the doctrine of frustration is if the event is self-induced. In Taylor v Caldwell, Blackburn J stated that frustration applied where performance had become impossible without default of the contractor.xiv The way in which the courts have interpreted a self-induced event is not free of controversy. In J Lauritzen AIS v Wijsmuller BV The Super Servant Two Bingham LJ stated that frustration had to arise from some outside event.xv In this case, the defendant contracted to transport an oil rig with either the Super Servant One or the Super Servant Two carrier. The defendant intended to use the latter, but it sank, and the Super Servant One had been allocated to other contracts. The Court of Appeal held that the contract was not brought to an end because of the sinking of Super Servant Two, but because of the defendants election not to use Super Servant One, therefore the contract was not frustrated. Treitel has criticized the reasoning of this judgement on the grounds that after the loss of the ship, it became impossible for the defendants to perform all its contracts during the period in question with only one operable carrier. Treitel further argues that in such a circumstance, where a party has entered into a number of contracts with other parties, and a supervening event does not permit him to satsify all those contracts, he can, provided he acts reasonably, elect to perform some of the contracts, and claim that the others have been frustrated by the event.xvi This argument certainly has merit and would lead to a far more just result than that decided by the court. The Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943 In cases where a contract was frustrated, the common law was ill-equipped to provide a remedy. This lead to unjust decisions, such as Chandler v Websterxvii where a contract was frustrated but the aggrieved party was still liable to pay. The rights of the parties were determined solely on when the obligation to pay arose before or after the frustrating event. If they arose before, then there was still an obligation to pay, regardless of whether there had been a total failure of consideration. In 1943, the Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act [hereinafter the Act] was passed primarily to resolve this situation.xviii Shortly before the enactment of the Act, the House of Lords reversed Chandler in the case of Fibrosa Spolka Akcyjna v Fairbairn Lawson Combe Barbour Ltd.xix Money paid before the event was recoverable when there was a total failure of consideration. This was an improvement in the state of the common law, but it was still not satisfactory as it did not allow the payer to recover money where there was only a partial failure of consideration, and furthermore, the payee could not set off expenses that he legitimately incurred. Under s.1(2) of the Act, money paid before the frustrating event is recoverable and money payable before the event ceases to be payable, subject to legitimate expenses incurred before the event. Section 1(3) further provides that if one party has derived a valuable benefit from anything done by the other party, then the judge may order that party to pay a sum in respect of it. In BP v Hunt, Goff J stated that the fundamental principle underlying the Act itself is prevention of the unjust enrichment of either party to the contract at the others expense and its purpose was not to apportion the loss between the parties.xx As McKendrick points out, this interpretation is not without challenge, and an alternative analysis is that the Act is designed to provide a flexible machinery for the adjustment of loss.xxi The purpose of the Act is therefore still in doubt. There are more specific criticisms levelled by McKendrick.xxii Whilst they cannot all be addressed here, it is important to identify the primary difficulties. Firstly, s.1(2) does not cover money paid after the event; the payor would have to resolve this at common law where there is little respite. Secondly, it is difficult to ascertain how loss will be calculated between the parties. If the payor has given the payee à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20,000 which has been expended in performance of the contract, how much can the payee retain? McKendrick states that the subsection is not well drafted and that inadequate consideration has been given to the apportionment of any losses.xxiii Section 1(3) is the most controversial part of the Act and was critical in the case of BP v Hunt. The word benefit has been given an unnatural and artificial meaning, and the way in which Goff J resolved the matter in BP can lead to less desirable results. The value of the benefit and the just sum to be awarded is totally left to the discretion of the trial judge, which is liable to lead to inconsistency in the future.xxiv Ultimately this creates further uncertainty and ambiguity, making it difficult for parties to determine their actual remedies under the Act. Force majeure clauses As the law currently stands, it is uncertain as to whether the courts will discharge a contract on the ground of frustration due to a supervening event, and if they do, the remedial position of the parties is entirely unclear. Parties can reduce this uncertainty by agreeing on a list of events beforehand which constitute force majeure. Parties can also widen the parameters of these clauses beyond the scope that the courts would ordinarily allow. For instance, price fluctuations would not ordinarly be held to frustrate a contract in the courts, whereas parties can state in their contract that it will constitute a force majeure event. The importance of force majeure clauses cannot be overstated in the drafting of commercial contracts. In Bremer Handelsgesellschaft mbH v Vanden Avenne-Izegem PVBA,xxv Mocatta J believed that there was much to be said for Counsels submission that there was no room for the doctrine of frustration to apply when elaborate provisions, by way of force majeure clauses, were in place. During uncertain economic times, businesses will try to rely on the doctrine of frustration and force majeure clauses inserted into their contracts that provide for such events. This was the case in the wake of the terrorist attacks in the US in 2001, when businesses sought to discharge their contractual obligations through reliance on force majeure clauses.xxvi However, they will only be successful if their provision has the clear intention of resolving the consequences that arise out of the supervening event. If a provisional clause is not drafted to properly account for the event, the court will not give it affect. In Thames Valley Power Ltd v. Total Gas Power Ltd xxvii the defendants entered into a 15-year contract with the claimant for the supply of gas, which contained a force majeure clause. In July 2005, due to the sharp increase in gas prices, the defendants informed the claimants that this constituted a force majeure event and they would be unable to supply the gas until the prices fell. The claimants argued that the increase in prices did not fall into the scope of force majeure, and the event had not rendered performance impossible; it merely made it less profitable. In his judgement, Clarke J ruled that the force majeure clause which the defendants relied upon did not sufficiently cover the increase in gas prices. He cited another force majeure case, Tennants Lancashire Limited v Wilson CS Co Ltd, where Lord Loreburn observed that: The argument that a man can be excused from performance of his contract when it becomes commercially impossible seems to me to be a dangerous contention which ought not to be admitted unless the parties plainly contracted to that effect.xxviii In order to make sure that every event is covered under force majeure, some parties draft the clauses in very general terms. However, the courts will not necessarily interpret a force majeure clause to cover every event, despite the wording of the contract. In Metropolitan Water Board v Dick Kerr Coxxix a contract to build a reservoir in six years contained a provision that allowed for an extension in the event of time delays, whatsoever and howsoever occasioned. The courts interpreted this to mean that it gave the builder a period of grace for non-frustrating delays. It did not cover the actual event government intervention in WWI which required him to halt work and sell his construction plant. Hence the builders plea of frustration was successful. Therefore, force majeure clauses can be seen to cover events that have the possibility of resolution within a short period of time, but obviously cannot cover an event that renders performance impossible. When the court rules that a contract is frustrated, it is terminated. As Treitel notes, this inflexibility leads to all or nothing solutions,xxx which is often not what the parties want. Provisional clauses therefore have the further benefit of allowing the parties to stipulate a modification to the contract, allowing for extra time or for an alternative mode of performance at an additional cost. Conclusion The effect of a supervening event is to throw a contract off course. Rather than mitigate the ensuing uncertainty that is caused, the law in its current state creates further ambiguity. The indefinite wording of the 1943 Act creates further uncertainty when it comes to the remedial standpoint of the parties. As McKendrick observes, it is perhaps fortunate that a frustrated contract is a comparative rarity in commercial practice and so the deficiencies in the Act [] rarely come to light.xxxi In light of this, force majeure and hardship clauses provide for a degree of certainty and flexibility in commercial contracting. Not only can parties make provisions for what constitutes a force majeure event, but they can stipulate the consequences of such an event. With contracting parties realising these benefits, it is common for even small businesses to incorporate provisional clauses into their agreements. However, contracting parties must be diligent in drafting these clauses so that they sufficiently account for the supervening event, otherwise they may find that they are still subject to the courts determination and the uncertainty that ensues.

6 High-Paying Business Management Jobs

6 High-Paying Business Management Jobs Pay disparities are not uncommon in the business world. Bosses tend to make more than their employees. Most managers are the highest paid employees in the company. But there are some management jobs that will net you more money than others. Here are six management positions that typically come with high salaries. Computer and Information Systems Manager Computer and information systems managers supervise computer-related activities in an organization. Common job titles include Chief Information Officer (CIO), Chief Technology Officer (CTO), IT Director, or IT Manager. Specific duties often vary by job title, organization size, and other factors, but commonly include analyzing technology needs, planning and installing computer and information systems, overseeing system security, and supervising other IT professionals. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics reports the median annual wage for computer and information systems managers as $120,950, with the top 10 percent earning more than $187,200. A bachelor’s degree in computer or information science, as well as 5-10 years of work experience, is usually the minimum requirement for computer and information systems managers. However, many managers in this field have a masters degree and 10 years of work experience. Read more about earning a  management information systems degree. Marketing Manager Marketing managers oversee the marketing efforts of an organization. They work with sales, public relations, and other marketing and advertising professionals to estimate demand, identify target markets, develop pricing strategies, and maximize profits. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics reports the median annual wage for marketing managers as $119,480, with the top 10 percent earning more than $187,200. Most marketing managers have at least a bachelors degree in marketing, but masters degrees are not uncommon in this field. Read more about earning a marketing degree. Financial Manager Financial managers are dedicated to monitoring and improving the financial health of an organization. Common job titles include Controller, Finance Officer, Credit Manager, Cash Manager, and Risk Manager. Most financial managers work on a team and act as an advisor to other executives. They may be responsible for reviewing reports, monitoring finances, preparing financial statements, analyzing market trends, and developing budgets. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics reports the median annual wage for financial managers as $109,740, with the top 10 percent earning more than $187,200. A bachelors degree in business or finance plus five years of finance-related experience is usually the minimum requirement for financial managers. Many managers have a masters degree, professional certification, and 5 years of experience in related financial occupations, such as an accountant, auditor, financial analyst, or loan officer. Read more about earning a finance degree. Sales Manager Sales managers oversee the sales team for an organization. Although the level of duties can vary by organization, most sales managers focus their time on researching and assigning sales territories, establishing sales targets, training members of the sales team, determining budgets and pricing plans, and coordinating other sales operations. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics reports the median annual wage for sales managers as $105,260, with the top 10 percent earning more than $187,200. Sales managers typically need a bachelors degree in sales or business in addition to several years of experience as a sales representative. Some sales managers have a masters degree. Read more about earning a  sales management degree. Human Resources Manager Human resources managers have many responsibilities, but their primary duty is to act as a link between an organization’s managers and its employees. In large organizations, human resources managers often specialize in a specific area, such as recruiting, staffing, training, and development, labor relations, payroll, or compensation and benefits. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics reports the median annual wage for human resources managers as $99,720, with the top 10 percent earned more than $173,140. A bachelors degree in human resources or a related field is the minimum educational requirement. However, many human resources managers have a masters degree as well as several years of related work experience. Read more about earning a human resources degree. Health Services Manager Also known as healthcare executives, health care administrators, or healthcare managers, health services managers oversee the operations of medical facilities, clinics, or departments. Duties can include supervising employees, creating schedules, organizing records, ensuring compliance with regulations and laws, budget management, and record management. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics reports the median annual wage for health services managers as $88,580, with the top 10 percent earning more than $150,560. Health services managers need at least a bachelor’s degree in health services, healthcare management, long-term care administration, public health or public administration, but masters degrees in these fields or business administration are not uncommon. Read more about earning a healthcare management degree.

What Is a Pell Grant

What Is a Pell Grant SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You might have heard about the federal Pell Grant and have some idea that it helps you pay for college. But you might not know the details, like how much you can get, whether you qualify, and how to apply. If you're looking for information financial aid, you should definitely learn about the Pell Grant. This annual award is given by the federal government to students who need help paying for college - if you meet all eligibility criteria, you're guaranteed to receive the money. Sounds like a great deal! In this guide,we'll cover the basic info about what a Pell Grant is, including: The history of the Pell Grant Award amounts What you can use Pell Grant money for Eligibility requirements Calculating your estimated award amount How to apply for a Pell Grant We'll explain each of these in more detail in separate guides that we'll link to, but this will give you a great overview of how Pell Grants work. History of the Pell Grant It wasn't always possible to get federal financial aid;there weren't many options for students who needed help paying for school outside of scholarships and private loans. This didn't present much of a problem for students who came from wealthier families, but the cost of higher education tended to prevent low- and middle-income students from attending college. During Lyndon B. Johnson's presidency, Congress passed the Higher Education Act of 1965, or the HEA. The HEA program provided federally-funded financial aid, in the form of grants and loans, to students who needed help paying for college or vocational school. Politicians reasoned that oneway to ensure better educational opportunities forcitizens was to mitigate financial burdens; why should motivated students be prevented from pursuing an education, if the only thing holding them back was cost? In 1972, Senator Claiborne Pell worked to expand and reform the HEA.Eligibility requirements for federal grants (formerly called Basic Educational Opportunity grants) were made more inclusive in 1978, and were renamed in honor of Senator Pell. Pell Grants have become an important financial aid foundation for many students across the US. The first year that grants were awarded, there were 176,000 recipients; for the 2013-2014 academic year, over 8.5 million students received almost 23 BILLIONdollars in Pell Grant money, with an average award amount of about $3,600! You could be one of those 8.5 million, and the Pell Grant amount will surely help you pay for college. Claiborne Pell, federal aid champion Pell Grant Award Amounts The amount of grant money students receive is based on a few different factors (which we'll touch on in a minute). For the 2015-2016 academic year, the maximum Pell Grant award is $5,775; the amount you'll receive if you're eligible will depend on financial need, and may be less than that. You can learn more about Pell Grant minimum/maximum awards here. What Does the Pell Grant Pay For? Because the Pell Grant is meant specifically to help students pay for school, it can only be used for school-related expenses (this does not come as a surprise, I'm sure). These expenses can include tuition, room, board, and school fees, but they can also include textbooks, supplies, transportation, and even food. Yes, the federal government could potentially fund late-night study fuel in the form of greasy pizza and/or energy drinks. Video games, not so much. You may not have to worry about managing your Pell Grant money, though. Oftentimes, it will go directly to your school, and will be applied to appropriate charges - most likely the big ones like tuition, room, and board expenses. You can get more information about Pell Grant limits here. As exciting as it may be to pay for your own textbooks, wouldn't it be great if you didn't have to? Eligibility Requirements Because the Pell Grant is a form of federal aid, you need to meet all federal requirements in order to be eligible to receive the grant. Basically, you need to have a high school diploma or GED, be a citizen or US national, and be enrolled (or accepted) in an eligible school. You can read more about the specifics of Pell eligibility requirements here. The Pell Grant is meant primarilyfor low-income students who don't already have a post-secondary degree (so, a bachelor's or vocational degree). Financial need is calculated by generating something called an Expected Family Contribution, or EFC; to receive the Pell for the 2015-2016 academic year, your EFC needs to be at or below $5081.Don't know what an EFC is? Don't worry - it's all explained in the next section. How to Calculate Your Estimated Award Amount It's possible to calculate how much Pell Grant money you're likely to receive before you even apply for federal aid. All you need is your family's financial information - you can get this from recent tax returns - in addition to information about your household size, family assets, and number of other family members in college. Go to this link, click onFAFSA4caster, and follow the prompts. The output will include Pell Grant estimates, in addition to other federal aid program estimates. Get more information about calculating your award by checking out our Pell Grant Calculator guide. Analyzing family finances can seem overwhelming, but I promise that calculating financial aid eligibility isn't this complicated. How to Apply for a Pell Grant There's no specific or dedicated application for the Pell Grant; you're automatically considered when you submit your Free Application for Federal Student Aid, or FAFSA.The FAFSA is totally free to submit (as you may have guessed). Even if you don't think you'll receive Pell Grant money, you have nothing to lose by submitting a FAFSA. You can submit a FAFSA online here, or you can get a paper application from your school's guidance office. The application shouldn't take more than a few hours, but preparing to fill out the application (for example, gathering all the necessary paperwork and setting a timeline) can be confusing without a game plan. Get step-by-step instructions for submitting your FAFSA here What's Next? There are other opportunities to get help paying for school outside of federal financial aid. Did you know that you can receive scholarships based on your SAT scores? Learn more about getting top test scores here. Merit-based scholarships can also close the gap between what you owe and what you need. Doing well in school can get you access to those scholarships. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Political Science Major Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Political Science Major - Research Paper Example The New York Times, in an effort to bring a balance to this debate, allowed an exchange of ideas regarding the topic â€Å"Do Police Use Deadly Force Too Often†. I have chosen to use the same topic as the thesis statement for this essay since this is a timely and quite controversial topic that does not seem to have an accurate response in sight. It is my personal opinion that the police have not been using excessive force when dealing with dangerous situations. I will be presenting my supporting opinion in the latter part of this essay. In the meantime, I will be presenting both sides of the issue and hopefully, end up offering some knowledge and considerations to the reader that have not been a part of their consideration of the topic before. Seth Stoughton,a professor from the University of South Carolina School of Law has had the privilege of being both a police officer and a state investigator. He shared his opinion with the New York Times regarding the debate about use of excessive force. It was his opinion that the wrong question is being asked in the debate. Rather than having a public that asks if the shooting was justified, the public should instead be asking if the shooting could have been avoided (Stoughton, Seth â€Å"Police Shouldnt Ask If a Shooting is Justified, But if its Avoidable†). Stoughton spoke from a unique perspective. Having had the experience of a police officer and state investigator, he has found himself in the same situation as the officers accused of using excessive force. The opinion he raised was based upon his personal experience and first hand knowledge of the common scenarios that the police are called upon to respond to. He knew that police officers face extreme circumstances eve ryday. It was his opinion that the use of extreme force cannot be avoided, but it can be limited. Stoughton explains: The tragic shooting of Tamir Rice last November puts the difference between â€Å"justified† and â€Å"avoidable† in stark

Scarcity and how it Applies to Micro-Economic Decision Making Essay

Scarcity and how it Applies to Micro-Economic Decision Making - Essay Example It is a fact that if anything is scarce it will definitely have a higher market value compared to those goods and services which are relatively widely available. (Riley 2006)i Scarcity essentially raises the question of which alternative to choose and which is better in which condition. These various choices have to be made on a daily basis by all consumers, firms and governments. (Steven 2011)iiA simple example is how the millions of people in New York City get to work. This choice of which mode of travel to take in order to get to their required destination in the least and most cost-effective amount of time is what troubles everyone. These small decisions are taken on an extensive scale on a daily basis and for most of the individuals this is more of a habitual routine than a choice but still at the first instance they had to figure out which mode is the best for them. This concept is followed by the most important concept in microeconomics, Opportunity Cost. Opportunity Cost meas ures the cost of any choice in terms of the next best alternative forgone. This can apply to individuals, firms and governments. For an individual whether to work extra hours or give more time to family for leisure is a choice that has to be made on a regular basis. For a government, it has to decide whether to allocate its limited budget to military or education or health. For a firm, it has to decide which machinery to use to produce the most output in the least amount of time maintaining quality. All this is not only a decision that is made without conscious thinking, it requires a lot of conscious effort from the individual’s part to investigate which option is best for him. This involves a rational Cost-Benefit Analysis. A Cost-Benefit Analysis is the process whereby individuals decide whether the advantages of a particular option are likely to outweigh its drawbacks. This is highly specific as all the known information for the available alternatives has to be taken into account and after comparing it with each other it has to be decided upon which alternative is giving the most benefit after accounting for its drawbacks (net benefit). On a micro-level thousands of millions of decisions take place to counter this problem of scarcity. A firm has to constantly perform assessment whether to hire new workers or request their existing workers to give extra hours in order to produce the excess demand. A separate department usually exists in MNC’s which has the responsibility to undertake extensive in-depth research in major financial decisions. For example, acquiring of new capital costing millions of dollars $ might be a better option than upgrading existing capital equipment. Although the initial cost will be high but the long term benefit of the first choice will outweigh the benefit of the second option. In Africa, governments have to constantly engage in a battle against poverty, healthcare and education. The question which is more important is debatable. Which sector should be given more preference depends on the positive impact it will have on the community and society on the whole. It can also mean that in a battle to provide everyone clean water and food, government might not reach its set goal for education. (CBC 2011)iii Nevertheless, it has to be viewed in such a perspective that if people are not provided the basic